HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN NEPAL

To prepare census report of 2018 B.S. took nearly 6 years and 6 months by using a calculating device called Facit.At that time total population was only 96 lakhs.Due to delay in census calculation ,the five years planning was stopped and that six years old data could not give the exact figure of population.

His majestry government bought a second generation IBM 1401 computer on rent (Rs 1 lakhs 25 thousands per month) for the census of 2028 B.S,It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days to process 1 crore and 12.5 lakhs populations.Later this machine was not sent back to the owner and purchased by the government of Nepal for further data processing in Bureau of statistics.

For the pro[per use of this computer ,Electronic Data processing Center was established in 2031.After 6 years which was named National computer center (NCC).

In 2038 B.S . a forth generation computer named ICL 2950/10 was improved from England in 20 lakhs American dollors to use in the census of that year.It was funded by UNDP and UNFPA with the help of this computer the census of 2038 B.S completed within 1 year and 3 month.This computer had 64 terminals.This computers lies in the museum of National Computer Centre (NCC) Sing Darbar.

The British Government trained the manpower of National Computer Centre and awarded the degree graduate ,diploma or post graduate.In the meantime ,Nepalese students went to India.,Thailand and USA for the computer studies on their own.

Microcomputers like Apple ,Vector and Sirus were imported in the year 2039 B.S .New companies such as Computer Consultancy (CC),Management Information Processing System(MIPS) and Data System International (DSI) were established in Nepal.Now ,there are many companies and organizations which produce computer traning ,servicing,maintainece and upgrading etc.

His Mejestry Government has formed High Commision for Information Technology(HCIT) under the chairmanship of Prime Mister.IT policy is also formulated in 2057 B.S.IT Park with all infrastructure for IT companies is under construction in Banepa.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1946-1958)
The first generation computer were developed during 1946 to 1958.They used large numbers of vacuum tubes as the electronic circuit and storage media..Vacuum tubes was developed by Lee Deforest in1908.They were large in size and very slow in speed,very low capacity but were very expensive.They consumed a lot of power and produced a lot of heat.They used machine language for writing the programs.This made programming extremely difficult and time consuming.

SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1959-1964)
The second generation computers were developed during 1956 to 1964.They used transistors as the electronic circuits.The transistors were developed by John Burdeen,Walter Brattain and william Shockley in1947.Development of computers were revolutionized by the transistors.They were faster ,more reliable ,easier to operate,less expensive ,much smaller than vacuum tubes,required less electricity than of the first generation computers.They used assembly language and the high level language such as COBOL,ALGOL,FORTRAN etc.

THIRD GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS(1965-1974)
The third generation computers were developed during 1965 to 1974.They used Integrated circuit (IC) as electronic circuit.IC circuit consists of a large number of electronic components placed on a single silicon chip by a photolithography process.Integrated circuit was developed by Jack Kilby in 1958.
This new technology (IC) made the third generation computer more reliable faster,smaller easier to operate ,high capacity ,less expensive than previous generation of computer.Third generation computer included the use of an operating system for automatic processing and multiprogramming.

FORTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1975-1990)
The forth generation computers were developed during 1975 to 1990.The present days computers are included in this generation .They used large scale integration circuits (VLSI) known as microprocessor chip as electronic circuits.The first microprocessor called Intel 400 was developed by Intel corporation USA in 1971.Its size is about 0.5 cm long and less than 0.05 cm thick.In this generation the use of microprocessor made computer very faster ,capable of very high memory ,small in size and less expensive than previous generation computers.Data communication media also developed in this generation of computers.Forth generation of computers used graphical devices and language interfaces to graphic system.


FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1991-)
The micro processors which are extensively used as memory devices contain very pure from of silicon in crystal form.Attempts are being made by japan,Germany,and USA for the development of memory devices and main processor (microprocessors) by using protein or gallium Arsenide(GaAs), after the use of which ,it has been estimated,the capability of computer will increase millions of times.Recently,these are named as super conductors.Japan has taken keen intrest to win the race of developing super computers by using super conductors.These computers may possible by very small like micro computers

NEW TRENDS IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES WITH COMPUTERS GENERATION INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In the history there is not clear cut pattern of development of computer after EDSAC.The computer history is tied up in a tangle of technological advances,university research and company amalgamations.

Originally ,the term generation was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.In 1962 International Conference of Computer Scientist was held.In this conference scientists decided to give generation of development of computer.The development of computers took place in five distinct phases known as computer generation.Each generation is characterized by dramatic improvements over the previous generation in the technology used to built them.Different kinds of memory devices used in different generation computer. Vacuum tubes are used as memory devices in the first generation computers.Transistors were used as memory devices in second generation computers.Integrated circuits were used as memory devices in third generation computers and fourth generation computers by using microchips.Now, we got fifth generation computer that used Bio chip and Very Large Scale Integration as main components.

Evaluation of mordern computers are classified into five generations based on their speed,capacity,reliability,main components used and programming languages used them.

With the advent of new microprocessor techonologies ,the latest computers developed in recent years are given as follows:-

POWER PC AND POWER MAC:This is a new model ever designed to incorporate with the different MOS and CMOS technologies.This computers were designed by integration of three renowned companies:IBM Apple and Motorola.The term super scalar is used for the architecture which uses more than one pipeline for the execution of instructions.This computers can read and write data to and from IBM and Macintosh.The IBM computers are following CMOS technology and Macintosh computers are following MOS Technology.

PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR COMPUTER:The pentium is a high performence, super scalar,CISC microprocessor developed by Intel corporation.It was introduced in the year 1993.It has a 32 bit address but and 64-bit data bus.It contain 3.1 million transistors.It's clock speed ranges up to 233 MHz.

PENTIUM MMX:MMX stands for Multi-Media eXtension.Pentium with MMX technology has been developed to handle multimedia computer.A Multimedia computer accept input in the from the text,graphics,images and sound.Similarly it produces output in the form of text ,graphics and sound.It has seprate pipeline to handle multimedia called MMX pipeline.

PENTIUM PRO:The pentium pro ,a 32 bit CISC processor ,introduced in 1995 has data flow architecture .The data flow architecture is quite different than the architecture of Intel's earlier microprocessors such as Pentium,Pentium with MMX .It contain second level cache memory of 256KB or 512KB in addition to first level cache memories.It contain 21 million transistor.It was used before the introduction of Pentium 2 computer.

CELERON PROCESSOR :Intel celeron ,introduced in 1999 ,is low-cost processor based on Pentium pro architecture.It's clock rates for it's different versions varied from 26 MHz to 533 MHz.It contain inStructions and data cache,16KB 128cache respectively.

PENTIUM III PROCESSOR: Intel's Pentium III processor ,introduced in 1999 ,is and improved version of Petium II processor with 70 Internet streaming SIMD inStruction.They are aimed at improving compression ,decompression ,video and audio streaming ,speech recognition and 3-d simulation.It can have 1MB to 2MB memory and uses Pentium III Xenon processor.

ITANIUM(OR MERCED)PROCESSOR:It is the first 64 bit processor of Intel corporation.The Itanium based system are primarily targeted to E-commerce application and ISPs.

"IT" DEVICE TELEVISION

Television is also a means of communication.We can see a television in almost of houses.Early we can see a television in some place of town area but now we can see a television in village area also.

Today we can see and listen what event and war held in which part of the country. By sitting in one room we know what is happening in which part of the world.So,we can say that Information Technology help to bring a world together.We can watch movies,drama,and many other program in television.

Television play a very big role to bring a world together.If some event occur in any place of the world then in 1min. we can see that event in our television.People can get good information,message and knowledge from watching television.We can see television in different model and size.Today we can see LCD model television in Nepal also.Drama and movies containing knowledge are shown in television.

Televisions are also being a time past for people who has a leasure time.Mostly it is important beacause we can knowledge what is happening in which part of the country.Different advertise are also given in this television .That advertise contain knowledge about what things are good and what things are bad for us.More people get knowledge from this advertise.Many program are come in television that they are sponser by that advertise.

*SOME ADVANTAGE OF TELEVISION *

-People get informati0n about the event held in the world.

-People are educated in what things are good for them from a advertise.

-People can spent their lesure time by watching television.

-Television are cheap than computer so many people can buy this computer.

*SOME DISADVANTAGE OF TELEVISION*

-Children can copy nonsence thing incase of coping good knowledge.

-It consumes more electricity which cost more .

-Television makes people so sick.

-Loss of time .

"IT" DEVICES TELEPHONE AND CELL PHONE

Information yechnology play very big role in development of country.We see that many -many information technology devices are improving day by day.Information technology devices helps to make world together.

Today we can see a telephone and cell phone with every person.With the help of this devices we can get information and share our message soon from one part of the country to another country.Impossible works are also being possible with the help of Imformation Technology.We can speak with the person of America from Nepal with in 1 min,if we need to go to America we should 6-7 hours by plane.But it is easy to take by phone and fast also.This is all possibleby Information Technology.

Telephone are use by connecting wire,whereas cellphone are wireless.Cellphone(Mobile phone) are more popular than tablephone.Cellphone are easy to carry because it is small in size & we can this in our pocket also.Wher telephone are big insize than cell phone & it is difficult to carry beacuse it has a long wire.Cellphone are wireless there is noneed of wire .We can charge Cellphone and use it for 2-3 days.

There is many facilities in both cellphone and in tablephone.Different facilities are seen in different model of cellphone.In advance model more facilities are involbe and in low model there is no any good function or facilities.In low model cellphone there is only incall and outcall .But in advance model or quality there is function of internet ,accept memory card and other facilities.With the help of prepaid card(Recharge card) we can rechare our account.But in telephone there is no this type of facilities.

Today we can see more advanced facilities in cellphone and in telephone.With the help of telephone we can use internet in computer.And also in cellphone we can see the facilities of internet.Today internet also be a morden technology.With the help of internet we can chat,share information,download songs,vedios& pictures in cheap price.

Early we can't see this facilities.Early people use to write letter and send through pegion (birds).It take 2-3 days for receive one letter.But now,we can share our information and massage in 1min. through Telecommunication.This is possible with the help of Information Technology.

*SOME ADVANTAGE OF TELEPHONE AND CELLPHONE*

-We can share our information in few minute.

-It is easy to transfer massage.

-We can use internet in this phone.

-It is easy to take and use.

-Today we can get this (cellphone)in cheap price.

-It is easy to put and carry in pocket.

In one Information devices we can do many activities.This is succes with the help of information Technology.Today Information technology bring a world together .We can take information about our country ,relatives ,company and other events in few seconds or min., by sitting on one corner of the country.This is possible with the help of Infoemation Technology.Information Technology play a very big role to bring a world together and in development of a country and a world .We can see many improvement in Information Technology devices today.If this improvement decreas day by day surely nepal develop soon.Information Technology make our life comfortable by helping in our impossible works making possible.If today this technology arenot avilable then our world can't reached in this possition.

ITC EDUCATION AND COMPUTER EDUCATION

Like as a basic needs of a human beings,ICT education and computer education are also important for us.Information and communication technology is emerging technology which includes fast processing capabilities of information and transmitting them from one part of the world to the another.It has termendously increased the capabilities in telecommunication,television,telefax,etc.Staying at the one corner of the world,one can received information from any part of the world or transmit information easilywith the help of infprmation technology devices.The study of such devices,use of them,etc is Information Technology education.

Today we can see more school and collage of " IT" are inproving day by day.Information technology has a very big role to play in bringing a world together.In Nepal also "IT" collages are increasing day by day. Nepal is underdeveloped country so,"IT" education is most important for students.The study of IT devices ,use of them,etc are "IT" education.

*Some of the advantage of ICT devices*

-We can transfer our information and message soon.

-We can know what event and war held in part of the country.

-People can run toward development.

-People can take fast and currect solution of their problems.

*Some disadvantage of the ICT devices*

-They are expensive so that almost of the person can't buy this devices.

-People used to lost almost of their time inthis devices.

-There is no continue electricity power to use this devices in Nepal.

-The damage part of this devices arenot found soon.

COMPUTER EDUCATION

Computer studies is deals with the study of features of computers,and the ways and methods of using comouters so as to provide a basicfor understandig the impact of computers on individuals,organizations and society.Computers studies is related with manipulation ,location,modification and productionof information ,eg.,using libery ,answering examing question,producing a bill and data processing.

*Some advantages of computer education *

-People were well knowledgeable in computer education.

-People can do their work fast and accurate.

-We can manupulate ,modif y our work.

-Person are well-known about features of computers.

THE ORIGIN OF THE COMPUTER

The computer's was developed as results of man's search for a faster way to calculate.Computers are very fast because data and instrutions are represented as pulses within electronic circuits and they travel at the speed of light.A da's work on the computer would take aperson more than 2700 years with a hand calculator.People who contributed to make this possible where philosophers,inventors,mathematicans,programmers,etc.It has come to this stage because of their tireless effort. Counting machines didnot exits many years ago.People used to count using their fingers or arranged stones in piles or rows.They drew lines on the ground,cut notches in sticks or tied knots in strings in order to keep traks of the number of things.As the need to calculate increased,people sought tools to help them . Around the fifth century A.D.,Hindu pilosophers developed a new method of counting from 0-9.This system of counting is called the desimal method.The numbers stated above(0 to 9) are the digits.Digits is a finger or toe,and counting on one's fingers is called the digital operation.The term digital has been extended to cover any operation on distinct values which are carried out in steps.eg,"Switch the light on" is a digital operation,whereas ,operating a radio's volume control is anolog operation.The vast major of computers seen today are electronic digital computers and their names suggest that they carry out their work by performing high speed digital operation on data.The first electronic digital ccomputer were built in the mid 1940s.Their forerunners were a number of digital devices,of which the abacus is one.All these began with counting of pebbles,which of course,was the earliest method.