POSITIVE IMPACT AND NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTER IN THE SOCIETY

POSITIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTER

It is obvious that the computer are revolutionizing our daily life.More and more educated people are being attracted in using computers for solving their daily problems from word processing ,spreadsheet calculation to solving a very complex simultaneous equation.The following are the basic reasons of increasing attraction towards the use of computers in homes and offices.

-A tedious work can be carried out with the use of computers speedily and accurately.
-Instead using paper files and occupying large spaces,more information can be stored in small space electronically that can be accessed as required.
-Computers possess multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities which facilities multifold operation on data.
-Since the data are stored in electronic devices ,they can be easily accessed.
-Computers obey the instructions and they process the data impartiality during result processing.
-Documents can be kept secret with special login name and password protection.
- Safeguarding the Citizen: Computerized system provide various safeguarding systems.
*Personal data store by the police.
*Personal data stored by the local administrative bodies.
*Information about weather forecast.
*Information about natural calamities such as earthquake.
*Information about recent events of traffic ,road,etc.
-Social Effects(ATM,Visa card,MasterCard):People can use automated teller machine cards for withdrawing money deposited with the help of ATM card ,Visa card or Master card.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF COMPUTER.

Though computers has numerous positive implication ,some people show its negative impact in the following points.They are:-

-The computers are highly expensive and they aren't affordable for general people.
-There are some methods people can pirate data for misuse.
-Since a computer can do works much faster ,less number for employees can do more work and it leads to increased unemployment.
-Due to malfunction of the computer ,huge data and information can be lost.
-Computer technology is fast changing technology and we have to update accordingly which might become difficult for small firms and schools.
-Due to the difficulty of data transmission we fail in providing proper services.
-Data Integrity and data Security.

COMPUTER IN REAL WORLD

Computer is used in almost every field in development countries.Industrial advancement,agriculture,defense,education ,commerce and business,medicine,tourism,banking ,etc.,are the core areas where computer science is utilized.Today,man can communicate from one part of world to another part easily ,which is and example of the advancement of computer science .Within a minute ,man can communicate through Telephone ,Telex,Fax and TV from one part of world to the another.Computer has helped in banking network also .Your deposited money in a bank of foreign country can be withdrawn using ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) card or Master card from the other country ,and hand-prints can be sent to any parts to any parts of the world at great speed.


Computer has its application not only in manufacturing ,medical research ,education and defense ,but it is also used in small business offices to handle day-to-day work easily and efficiently .Due to growing importance and numerous application of computers ,it is essential to provide Computer Education .

Computers are used as aids in the study of gravity ,flow of electric current ,atomic structure,chemical reaction ,blood circulation , etc .,as textual matter and /or graphical analysis.Computers assist the student in learning
and understanding the subject matter easily.

Computer is used in development countries in the study of history ,mathematics ,geography etc. Similarly ,mathematics ,science and statistics are taught with the aid of computers.Distance learning like 'Open University' is another educational application in Europe and America.

Students can get university level education with the aid of computers through the 'Open University'.In 1960s, computers were basically applied in research and in 1970s computers were used in industries for process control and quality control.In 1980s, computers were extensively used in education and economic development .At the beginning of 1990, a new subject has been introduced in education which is called "Information Technology".

CHARLES BABBAGE

One of the creative thinker of 19Th century was the Englishman Charles Babbage(1792-1871).He is considered to be the father of computer science.Like Pascal and Leibniz,Babbage was a mathematician.And he too, wanted to build a machine that could perform difficult calculations accurately and quickly.

Babbage was Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University and started a small model of his "Different Engine".He demonstrated his machine to the Royal Society in the year1823.The demonstration won government backing for Babbage who wished to produce a large machine able to generate reliable astronomical and mathematical tables containing values accurate to 20 decimal places.the machine was never completed because of mechanical difficulties.

However,Babbage's researches led him to develop the concept of an Analytical Engine in the year 1833,essentially a general purpose automatic calculator,which he designed in 1834.This design owed much to Jacquard's invention and incorporated many features present in modern computers.He had a concept of using binary digits (Bits) in this machine.

Using his idea about 100 years later in 1973 Mark-I was developed by Howard Aiken.Idea generated by Charles Babbage can summarized in the followings points:
1. Data and the program instruction fed in via a device using a suitable medium (punched cards)
2. Storage facilities for data and instructions.
3. A mechanized unit for calculation- a "mill".
4. A suitable output device.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTERS

Computers are quite different from a normal machine.The popularity and importance or computer is due to following characteristics:

-SPEED:
Computers perform operation at a very high speed.It can solve complex calculation in a short time which may require for a human.Today ,computer can perform 100 million computations per second.The time taken to perform a task by the computer is measured in fraction of seconds.

-ACCURACY:
Computer is basically 100% accurate machine.It gives accurate result for the inputted data .But,if we give wrong or garbage.This is known as "Garbage -In Garbage-Out"(GIGO).The output is dependent on the given input.The mistakes in the calculation of computer is due to human errors.

-DILIGENCE:
Computer can perform required tasks repeatedly with same speed ,accuracy and efficiency.It never gets tired or bored doing a work.So,computer is a diligent machine.

-VERSATILITY:
Computer is a versatile machine.It can be used in wide range of application and various field such as communication,education,business,printing and publishing,astronomy etc.

-STORAGE CAPACITY:
A computer can store large amount of data and information which can be retrieved whenever required.This large storage capacity is achieved through auxiliary or secondary memory in computer .Storage capacity of computer is measured in terms of bytes,kilobytes,megabytes,gigabytes and terabytes.

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER

Now a days ,computers are used everywhere.It is used for wide variety of application and fields such as bussiness,banking ,medicine and health care ,education ,space technology ,transpotation and communication ,music and so on.This huge popularity of computers is due to its peculiar characteristics such as speed ,accuracy,diligence,versatality,automation and reliability.

-COMPUTERS IN BUSSINESS:
Morden bussines cannot survive without computers.In bussiness ,computers are ued for general operation such as day-to-day transactions,maintaning employee records,writting letters ,communicating co-workers and so on.They are also used for managerial tasks such as preparing budgets,forecasting buying selling pattern and formulation of appropriate policies.

-COMPUTERS IN BANKING:
Banks are using computers for various costomer services such as cheque verefication ,costomer balance inquiry ,printing of costomers statements and so on.
MICR(Magnatic Ink Character Reader) is a computer devices which automates the varification of the costomer cheques.ATM(Automated Teller Machine) is a computer device used by bank for automatically providing banking services such as money deposit withdraw1 and query balance to the cosomer without involement of bank staffs.It acts as minibank.

-COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION:
Computers have bought revolution in the field of education.Now ,computers are used as teaching and learning aids by teachers.Students can use self learning program to learn various subjects.The use of computers has popularized the concept of open universities .Through distant learning students can get university degrees on-line ,sitting infront of a computer at their home .

-COMPUTERS IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY:
It would be impossible to explore outer space without computers .Computers are used for the design and operation of artificial satellites ,rockets and other space exploration vehicles.Thesedays ,weather pattern in the earth ,damages due to natural disasters such as flood,earthquakes etc. are predicted by analyzing the data sent by artificial satellites using computers.

-COMPUTERS IN TRASPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION :
Transportation and communication sectors are benefitted a lot due to computer technology.Computers are used in traffic control system of land as well as air.It prevents unnecesary delays due to traffic jams.It also reduces the chances of collision of aeroplane .Computers are used for the reservation and cancellation of tickets of aeroplanes,bus,railway and so on.

The use of Internet and e-mail has created a new dimension in communication sectors.Now ,a person in one side os globe can communicate with the other person in another side of globe as if they are face-to-face with help of video-conferencing technology via computer.Electronic mail (e-mail) and chat services
in computer enables people to send and receive messages instantly.

-COMPUTERS IN MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT:
Computers have become a useful tool for musician .With the help of computers musician creat new musical notes .It also provides much flexibility to composers.COmputers are used in entertainment industry such as television theatre ,flims etc. to give special effects to make the contents real and attractive.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN NEPAL

To prepare census report of 2018 B.S. took nearly 6 years and 6 months by using a calculating device called Facit.At that time total population was only 96 lakhs.Due to delay in census calculation ,the five years planning was stopped and that six years old data could not give the exact figure of population.

His majestry government bought a second generation IBM 1401 computer on rent (Rs 1 lakhs 25 thousands per month) for the census of 2028 B.S,It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days to process 1 crore and 12.5 lakhs populations.Later this machine was not sent back to the owner and purchased by the government of Nepal for further data processing in Bureau of statistics.

For the pro[per use of this computer ,Electronic Data processing Center was established in 2031.After 6 years which was named National computer center (NCC).

In 2038 B.S . a forth generation computer named ICL 2950/10 was improved from England in 20 lakhs American dollors to use in the census of that year.It was funded by UNDP and UNFPA with the help of this computer the census of 2038 B.S completed within 1 year and 3 month.This computer had 64 terminals.This computers lies in the museum of National Computer Centre (NCC) Sing Darbar.

The British Government trained the manpower of National Computer Centre and awarded the degree graduate ,diploma or post graduate.In the meantime ,Nepalese students went to India.,Thailand and USA for the computer studies on their own.

Microcomputers like Apple ,Vector and Sirus were imported in the year 2039 B.S .New companies such as Computer Consultancy (CC),Management Information Processing System(MIPS) and Data System International (DSI) were established in Nepal.Now ,there are many companies and organizations which produce computer traning ,servicing,maintainece and upgrading etc.

His Mejestry Government has formed High Commision for Information Technology(HCIT) under the chairmanship of Prime Mister.IT policy is also formulated in 2057 B.S.IT Park with all infrastructure for IT companies is under construction in Banepa.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1946-1958)
The first generation computer were developed during 1946 to 1958.They used large numbers of vacuum tubes as the electronic circuit and storage media..Vacuum tubes was developed by Lee Deforest in1908.They were large in size and very slow in speed,very low capacity but were very expensive.They consumed a lot of power and produced a lot of heat.They used machine language for writing the programs.This made programming extremely difficult and time consuming.

SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1959-1964)
The second generation computers were developed during 1956 to 1964.They used transistors as the electronic circuits.The transistors were developed by John Burdeen,Walter Brattain and william Shockley in1947.Development of computers were revolutionized by the transistors.They were faster ,more reliable ,easier to operate,less expensive ,much smaller than vacuum tubes,required less electricity than of the first generation computers.They used assembly language and the high level language such as COBOL,ALGOL,FORTRAN etc.

THIRD GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS(1965-1974)
The third generation computers were developed during 1965 to 1974.They used Integrated circuit (IC) as electronic circuit.IC circuit consists of a large number of electronic components placed on a single silicon chip by a photolithography process.Integrated circuit was developed by Jack Kilby in 1958.
This new technology (IC) made the third generation computer more reliable faster,smaller easier to operate ,high capacity ,less expensive than previous generation of computer.Third generation computer included the use of an operating system for automatic processing and multiprogramming.

FORTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1975-1990)
The forth generation computers were developed during 1975 to 1990.The present days computers are included in this generation .They used large scale integration circuits (VLSI) known as microprocessor chip as electronic circuits.The first microprocessor called Intel 400 was developed by Intel corporation USA in 1971.Its size is about 0.5 cm long and less than 0.05 cm thick.In this generation the use of microprocessor made computer very faster ,capable of very high memory ,small in size and less expensive than previous generation computers.Data communication media also developed in this generation of computers.Forth generation of computers used graphical devices and language interfaces to graphic system.


FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1991-)
The micro processors which are extensively used as memory devices contain very pure from of silicon in crystal form.Attempts are being made by japan,Germany,and USA for the development of memory devices and main processor (microprocessors) by using protein or gallium Arsenide(GaAs), after the use of which ,it has been estimated,the capability of computer will increase millions of times.Recently,these are named as super conductors.Japan has taken keen intrest to win the race of developing super computers by using super conductors.These computers may possible by very small like micro computers