CHARLES BABBAGE

One of the creative thinker of 19Th century was the Englishman Charles Babbage(1792-1871).He is considered to be the father of computer science.Like Pascal and Leibniz,Babbage was a mathematician.And he too, wanted to build a machine that could perform difficult calculations accurately and quickly.

Babbage was Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University and started a small model of his "Different Engine".He demonstrated his machine to the Royal Society in the year1823.The demonstration won government backing for Babbage who wished to produce a large machine able to generate reliable astronomical and mathematical tables containing values accurate to 20 decimal places.the machine was never completed because of mechanical difficulties.

However,Babbage's researches led him to develop the concept of an Analytical Engine in the year 1833,essentially a general purpose automatic calculator,which he designed in 1834.This design owed much to Jacquard's invention and incorporated many features present in modern computers.He had a concept of using binary digits (Bits) in this machine.

Using his idea about 100 years later in 1973 Mark-I was developed by Howard Aiken.Idea generated by Charles Babbage can summarized in the followings points:
1. Data and the program instruction fed in via a device using a suitable medium (punched cards)
2. Storage facilities for data and instructions.
3. A mechanized unit for calculation- a "mill".
4. A suitable output device.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTERS

Computers are quite different from a normal machine.The popularity and importance or computer is due to following characteristics:

-SPEED:
Computers perform operation at a very high speed.It can solve complex calculation in a short time which may require for a human.Today ,computer can perform 100 million computations per second.The time taken to perform a task by the computer is measured in fraction of seconds.

-ACCURACY:
Computer is basically 100% accurate machine.It gives accurate result for the inputted data .But,if we give wrong or garbage.This is known as "Garbage -In Garbage-Out"(GIGO).The output is dependent on the given input.The mistakes in the calculation of computer is due to human errors.

-DILIGENCE:
Computer can perform required tasks repeatedly with same speed ,accuracy and efficiency.It never gets tired or bored doing a work.So,computer is a diligent machine.

-VERSATILITY:
Computer is a versatile machine.It can be used in wide range of application and various field such as communication,education,business,printing and publishing,astronomy etc.

-STORAGE CAPACITY:
A computer can store large amount of data and information which can be retrieved whenever required.This large storage capacity is achieved through auxiliary or secondary memory in computer .Storage capacity of computer is measured in terms of bytes,kilobytes,megabytes,gigabytes and terabytes.

APPLICATION OF COMPUTER

Now a days ,computers are used everywhere.It is used for wide variety of application and fields such as bussiness,banking ,medicine and health care ,education ,space technology ,transpotation and communication ,music and so on.This huge popularity of computers is due to its peculiar characteristics such as speed ,accuracy,diligence,versatality,automation and reliability.

-COMPUTERS IN BUSSINESS:
Morden bussines cannot survive without computers.In bussiness ,computers are ued for general operation such as day-to-day transactions,maintaning employee records,writting letters ,communicating co-workers and so on.They are also used for managerial tasks such as preparing budgets,forecasting buying selling pattern and formulation of appropriate policies.

-COMPUTERS IN BANKING:
Banks are using computers for various costomer services such as cheque verefication ,costomer balance inquiry ,printing of costomers statements and so on.
MICR(Magnatic Ink Character Reader) is a computer devices which automates the varification of the costomer cheques.ATM(Automated Teller Machine) is a computer device used by bank for automatically providing banking services such as money deposit withdraw1 and query balance to the cosomer without involement of bank staffs.It acts as minibank.

-COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION:
Computers have bought revolution in the field of education.Now ,computers are used as teaching and learning aids by teachers.Students can use self learning program to learn various subjects.The use of computers has popularized the concept of open universities .Through distant learning students can get university degrees on-line ,sitting infront of a computer at their home .

-COMPUTERS IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY:
It would be impossible to explore outer space without computers .Computers are used for the design and operation of artificial satellites ,rockets and other space exploration vehicles.Thesedays ,weather pattern in the earth ,damages due to natural disasters such as flood,earthquakes etc. are predicted by analyzing the data sent by artificial satellites using computers.

-COMPUTERS IN TRASPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION :
Transportation and communication sectors are benefitted a lot due to computer technology.Computers are used in traffic control system of land as well as air.It prevents unnecesary delays due to traffic jams.It also reduces the chances of collision of aeroplane .Computers are used for the reservation and cancellation of tickets of aeroplanes,bus,railway and so on.

The use of Internet and e-mail has created a new dimension in communication sectors.Now ,a person in one side os globe can communicate with the other person in another side of globe as if they are face-to-face with help of video-conferencing technology via computer.Electronic mail (e-mail) and chat services
in computer enables people to send and receive messages instantly.

-COMPUTERS IN MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT:
Computers have become a useful tool for musician .With the help of computers musician creat new musical notes .It also provides much flexibility to composers.COmputers are used in entertainment industry such as television theatre ,flims etc. to give special effects to make the contents real and attractive.

HISTORY OF COMPUTER IN NEPAL

To prepare census report of 2018 B.S. took nearly 6 years and 6 months by using a calculating device called Facit.At that time total population was only 96 lakhs.Due to delay in census calculation ,the five years planning was stopped and that six years old data could not give the exact figure of population.

His majestry government bought a second generation IBM 1401 computer on rent (Rs 1 lakhs 25 thousands per month) for the census of 2028 B.S,It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days to process 1 crore and 12.5 lakhs populations.Later this machine was not sent back to the owner and purchased by the government of Nepal for further data processing in Bureau of statistics.

For the pro[per use of this computer ,Electronic Data processing Center was established in 2031.After 6 years which was named National computer center (NCC).

In 2038 B.S . a forth generation computer named ICL 2950/10 was improved from England in 20 lakhs American dollors to use in the census of that year.It was funded by UNDP and UNFPA with the help of this computer the census of 2038 B.S completed within 1 year and 3 month.This computer had 64 terminals.This computers lies in the museum of National Computer Centre (NCC) Sing Darbar.

The British Government trained the manpower of National Computer Centre and awarded the degree graduate ,diploma or post graduate.In the meantime ,Nepalese students went to India.,Thailand and USA for the computer studies on their own.

Microcomputers like Apple ,Vector and Sirus were imported in the year 2039 B.S .New companies such as Computer Consultancy (CC),Management Information Processing System(MIPS) and Data System International (DSI) were established in Nepal.Now ,there are many companies and organizations which produce computer traning ,servicing,maintainece and upgrading etc.

His Mejestry Government has formed High Commision for Information Technology(HCIT) under the chairmanship of Prime Mister.IT policy is also formulated in 2057 B.S.IT Park with all infrastructure for IT companies is under construction in Banepa.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1946-1958)
The first generation computer were developed during 1946 to 1958.They used large numbers of vacuum tubes as the electronic circuit and storage media..Vacuum tubes was developed by Lee Deforest in1908.They were large in size and very slow in speed,very low capacity but were very expensive.They consumed a lot of power and produced a lot of heat.They used machine language for writing the programs.This made programming extremely difficult and time consuming.

SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1959-1964)
The second generation computers were developed during 1956 to 1964.They used transistors as the electronic circuits.The transistors were developed by John Burdeen,Walter Brattain and william Shockley in1947.Development of computers were revolutionized by the transistors.They were faster ,more reliable ,easier to operate,less expensive ,much smaller than vacuum tubes,required less electricity than of the first generation computers.They used assembly language and the high level language such as COBOL,ALGOL,FORTRAN etc.

THIRD GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS(1965-1974)
The third generation computers were developed during 1965 to 1974.They used Integrated circuit (IC) as electronic circuit.IC circuit consists of a large number of electronic components placed on a single silicon chip by a photolithography process.Integrated circuit was developed by Jack Kilby in 1958.
This new technology (IC) made the third generation computer more reliable faster,smaller easier to operate ,high capacity ,less expensive than previous generation of computer.Third generation computer included the use of an operating system for automatic processing and multiprogramming.

FORTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1975-1990)
The forth generation computers were developed during 1975 to 1990.The present days computers are included in this generation .They used large scale integration circuits (VLSI) known as microprocessor chip as electronic circuits.The first microprocessor called Intel 400 was developed by Intel corporation USA in 1971.Its size is about 0.5 cm long and less than 0.05 cm thick.In this generation the use of microprocessor made computer very faster ,capable of very high memory ,small in size and less expensive than previous generation computers.Data communication media also developed in this generation of computers.Forth generation of computers used graphical devices and language interfaces to graphic system.


FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(1991-)
The micro processors which are extensively used as memory devices contain very pure from of silicon in crystal form.Attempts are being made by japan,Germany,and USA for the development of memory devices and main processor (microprocessors) by using protein or gallium Arsenide(GaAs), after the use of which ,it has been estimated,the capability of computer will increase millions of times.Recently,these are named as super conductors.Japan has taken keen intrest to win the race of developing super computers by using super conductors.These computers may possible by very small like micro computers

NEW TRENDS IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES WITH COMPUTERS GENERATION INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In the history there is not clear cut pattern of development of computer after EDSAC.The computer history is tied up in a tangle of technological advances,university research and company amalgamations.

Originally ,the term generation was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.In 1962 International Conference of Computer Scientist was held.In this conference scientists decided to give generation of development of computer.The development of computers took place in five distinct phases known as computer generation.Each generation is characterized by dramatic improvements over the previous generation in the technology used to built them.Different kinds of memory devices used in different generation computer. Vacuum tubes are used as memory devices in the first generation computers.Transistors were used as memory devices in second generation computers.Integrated circuits were used as memory devices in third generation computers and fourth generation computers by using microchips.Now, we got fifth generation computer that used Bio chip and Very Large Scale Integration as main components.

Evaluation of mordern computers are classified into five generations based on their speed,capacity,reliability,main components used and programming languages used them.

With the advent of new microprocessor techonologies ,the latest computers developed in recent years are given as follows:-

POWER PC AND POWER MAC:This is a new model ever designed to incorporate with the different MOS and CMOS technologies.This computers were designed by integration of three renowned companies:IBM Apple and Motorola.The term super scalar is used for the architecture which uses more than one pipeline for the execution of instructions.This computers can read and write data to and from IBM and Macintosh.The IBM computers are following CMOS technology and Macintosh computers are following MOS Technology.

PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR COMPUTER:The pentium is a high performence, super scalar,CISC microprocessor developed by Intel corporation.It was introduced in the year 1993.It has a 32 bit address but and 64-bit data bus.It contain 3.1 million transistors.It's clock speed ranges up to 233 MHz.

PENTIUM MMX:MMX stands for Multi-Media eXtension.Pentium with MMX technology has been developed to handle multimedia computer.A Multimedia computer accept input in the from the text,graphics,images and sound.Similarly it produces output in the form of text ,graphics and sound.It has seprate pipeline to handle multimedia called MMX pipeline.

PENTIUM PRO:The pentium pro ,a 32 bit CISC processor ,introduced in 1995 has data flow architecture .The data flow architecture is quite different than the architecture of Intel's earlier microprocessors such as Pentium,Pentium with MMX .It contain second level cache memory of 256KB or 512KB in addition to first level cache memories.It contain 21 million transistor.It was used before the introduction of Pentium 2 computer.

CELERON PROCESSOR :Intel celeron ,introduced in 1999 ,is low-cost processor based on Pentium pro architecture.It's clock rates for it's different versions varied from 26 MHz to 533 MHz.It contain inStructions and data cache,16KB 128cache respectively.

PENTIUM III PROCESSOR: Intel's Pentium III processor ,introduced in 1999 ,is and improved version of Petium II processor with 70 Internet streaming SIMD inStruction.They are aimed at improving compression ,decompression ,video and audio streaming ,speech recognition and 3-d simulation.It can have 1MB to 2MB memory and uses Pentium III Xenon processor.

ITANIUM(OR MERCED)PROCESSOR:It is the first 64 bit processor of Intel corporation.The Itanium based system are primarily targeted to E-commerce application and ISPs.

"IT" DEVICE TELEVISION

Television is also a means of communication.We can see a television in almost of houses.Early we can see a television in some place of town area but now we can see a television in village area also.

Today we can see and listen what event and war held in which part of the country. By sitting in one room we know what is happening in which part of the world.So,we can say that Information Technology help to bring a world together.We can watch movies,drama,and many other program in television.

Television play a very big role to bring a world together.If some event occur in any place of the world then in 1min. we can see that event in our television.People can get good information,message and knowledge from watching television.We can see television in different model and size.Today we can see LCD model television in Nepal also.Drama and movies containing knowledge are shown in television.

Televisions are also being a time past for people who has a leasure time.Mostly it is important beacause we can knowledge what is happening in which part of the country.Different advertise are also given in this television .That advertise contain knowledge about what things are good and what things are bad for us.More people get knowledge from this advertise.Many program are come in television that they are sponser by that advertise.

*SOME ADVANTAGE OF TELEVISION *

-People get informati0n about the event held in the world.

-People are educated in what things are good for them from a advertise.

-People can spent their lesure time by watching television.

-Television are cheap than computer so many people can buy this computer.

*SOME DISADVANTAGE OF TELEVISION*

-Children can copy nonsence thing incase of coping good knowledge.

-It consumes more electricity which cost more .

-Television makes people so sick.

-Loss of time .